Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. Anyway, stone hillforts are less waste of money if you convert to Castle; in a city they just become cheaper City Walls. And that gold will let them accumulate gold to upgrade the rest of their buildings, as well as providing you with gold. In my case, I right click on CK3 shortcut, choose Property, then add "-debug_mode" at the end of Target in Shortcut tab (for example: "E:Crusader Kings IIIinariesck3. Please advise. Cant upgrade Tribes to Castles because of this condition, all others are complited. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. in ck2 you hear death, hard work and plague. Hi fellow crusader kings, I'm new to CK3 and I started playing as a feudal lord next to some tribes. However, when I click the next available holding slot "Build" next to Castle, City, and Temple are greyed out and it states "You must build one of each type of Holding first. Reply. The primary holding is just the holding owned by the highest ranked person. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. All Discussions. This is a picture taken from the first official release of the A Game of Thrones mod in May 2012. if the county doesn't already have a castle, temple, and city you can't build a second castle. <Character ID> = Found using the 'charinfo'. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. Played as Feudal got some tribal counties. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Creating a bishopric works the same way, only I would grant the county title to Bishop Dave instead. Assume I have enough money to upgrade every castle in my realm. I have no idea what it means. I need help as I have invaded England and now I am stuck and cannot reform to Feudal. Aric Haldan Recruit. This costs only 375 wealth and usually creates a full set of (castle + city + temple) replacing the tribe upon Upgrade tribe or Adopt feudalism. 2) (Haven't verified but it's how it worked in CK 2) To build a holding type that is already present in the county the county must already have at least one of each holding type present. Although, on my keyboard neither works and I have to do Shift + ` + space. Crusader Kings II. I had around 65,000 troops that was reduced to about 10,00 after becoming feudal, enough to bitch slap the Byzantines and Arabs with just 1/3rd of my strength. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East. However, the requirements for adopting Feudal ways are extremely hard to get. Got Norway to control half the Europe with 50k in levies, "upgraded" into feudalism, got cut down to 9K in a month, realm instantly broken down into 10 rebellious former vassals. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. . Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. All of them except the hillfort option. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. I dont think that upgrading anything else helps when its converted. I know i can change the tribe into a castle but i dont see the option to. . I'll go into how. Eventually cheated by console revoking those lands, forcing the tribal holdings to become feudal, then giving it back to the high priest. I'm currently playing a game as a…A few of my tribes then went on to become castles but someone didnt. I have the county of middlesex as a Feudal ruler, for some reasons there is a tribe in my desmenes i had to wait until the owner finally die at 77 to inherit it. I got the village upgraded to wooden hill fort. Crusader Kings 3 is available now on PC, PS5, and Xbox Series X/S. 4) Upgrading to a tribe does give a free city/castle in that province in addition to the converted holding (no free temple), however there is a cost to doing this per province of about 100-150 gold (still cheaper then the free holding you get out of it). The game has a hierarchical structure where most nobles serve a liege. A vassal tribal holding needs a Reinforced Hillfort (requiring Castle Infrastructure 1) to convert to a castle. May 29, 2012. Report. Feudals stand as much of a chance early start date against tribals as they did in ck2. Conquer another piece of land with a castle as its. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. All of them except the hillfort option. 9/18/2021 0 Comments. Cant upgrade Tribes to Castles because of this condition, all others are complited. I have no idea what it means. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. The hi as well of ck3 is much more modern, it doesn’t really look medieval, whilst ck2s ui is quite medieval. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. Report. I have the county of middlesex as a Feudal ruler, for some reasons there is a tribe in my desmenes i had to wait until the owner finally die at 77 to inherit it. I did exactly that for some tribal Muslims I absorbed in Arabia just today. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. I have many vassals with tribal holdings that have level four strongholds and markets. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. The cheat console is a transparent overlay above the character's tab. The only problem is that only the holdings that have stone hill forts get upgraded to feudal provinces, and the. Build up the market to the highest level and you can convert it to a city. If you have Reaper's Due and get the province to Prosperity level 3 with a Crown Focus placed there, there is a yearly chance for an event that creates a new slot for 250% of yearly income. It says that I don't fulfil "Does NOT have a settlement construction" check on the "Upgrade to castle" button. CRUSADER KINGS 2 TUTORIAL 🙌 How to form a CU…getting a castle from a tribe. I've noticed that tribes seem not to upgrade by themselves when they are secondary holdings in a county. 000 fort level in all forts. Your vassals will. It seems like adopting Feudal takes so much more time in CK3 compared to CK2. But two provinces in Iceland I conquered after I converted are still clans. All Discussions. 393K subscribers in the CrusaderKings community. Reply12. 1) You need to have an empty holding slot. CK3 Tribal Troops. So upgrade your primary holdings first; get the castle village built up to a castle city before you build anything else. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. But I know your pain, I decided to go feudal in just because I conquered holdings that are already upgraded to castle so -30 from vasals that are controlling them, and bad income. I have the county of middlesex as a Feudal ruler, for some reasons there is a tribe in my desmenes i had to wait until the owner finally die at 77 to inherit it. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. Read more on the paradox forums in the developer diary about the new system. Call it "rebuild", call it "destroy and build a castle" in-game but it is all but unreasonable. At the moment it is incredibly punishing to reform a tribe. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. Played as Feudal got some tribal counties. Rich Childhood. If I conquer a tribal island duchy (currently fighting to claim Iceland), will I need to build a city there in order to make it a vassal merchant republic? Currently the duchy capital only has a tribe and a temple, and one empty settlement slot. Please advise. 344 1. In CK2 I could manage to do it within a lifetime, but it seems like it will take atleast 300-400 years to do so in CK3, especially considering my culture has to unlock all technologies in the Tribal era (some of them say it'll take 200 years and other absurd. This Crusader Kings 2 tutorial is a quick guide on how to form a custom merchant republic, either as a tribal government type or a nomadic government type in. When he inherited, my government turned feudal, even though my capital holding was still a tribe (as were all non-temple holdings in the realm). Or say a major Upgrade button for all church holdings, all city holdings and all castle holdings? I know it might sound silly but it's also getting on my nerve quite a bit when I'm trying out a couple of things for fun or find out about certai game mechanics etc. The game prevents one from changing their capital to a non-tribe province until the government has been reformed. ragnarok246 First Lieutenant. Build a Tribal holding in the province. 000. Good evening folks, I been playing this game for quite a while now, but even then there is always something you don't know. The technology system changed quite a bit with the release of The Old Gods. . each siege unit gives you a bonus to daily siege speed (0. All of your personal holdings which are tribes will give you next to nothing, so yes you must make all of them castles. Add bookmark. Adopting republicanism - max city tribal hut or city as your capital. I have no idea what it means. #TORRENT LOGIC PRO X 10. The tribe itself can be upgraded to either a castle or city depending on what type of government the top liege has, and as a result it's possible to have 3 holding counties with two cities or two castles, which is not normally possible. exe" -debug_mode) 2. Crusader Kings II. One way is to build a Stone. Can't upgrade tribal holding. Cant upgrade Tribes to Castles because of this condition, all others are complited. Converting from Tribalism to Feudalism. When I right-click on the holding, it brings up two options: "make county capital", and "upgrade to castle". I tried to build buildings and max buildings in the tribes. Reply. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. Image: Paradox Interactive via HGG / Nathan Hart. 66 Badges. I am Catholic, and all my counties are Catholic. The "Raise Tribal Army" (which is OP as hell btw) event disappeared. Instead, just wait for them to change it over time. Another way would be to press the “adopt feudalism” intrigue option. Now I have a tribe as the capital, rather than a castle. It gives me a button over each tribal holding when I click on each province that says "build a new holding and destroy tribal. The info supplied by the interface seems confusing, though. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. More economical approaches are available if the county has the tech level to support building Stone Hillforts(Castle Infrastructure I). I know i can change the tribe into a castle but i dont see the option to. Bugreport: CK3 - Gameplay - As Feudal Ruler cannot convert Tribal Holding to Castle Version - 1. Eventually cheated by console revoking those lands, forcing the tribal holdings to become feudal, then giving it back to the high priest. Click on the county, then the top one, the tribe, right next to your dude's head. How do you "upgrade" those tribal holding into a "proper castle or city"? Tangent Question: If you have a Castle and want to convert (capital of a province) to a city. donÄt care aobut the levy. Until those Tribes get buildings in them, and then the vassals reform to Feudalism again. Elder Kings is a total conversion for Crusader Kings 2 set within the Elder Scrolls universe. It says that I don't fulfil "Does NOT have a settlement construction" check on the "Upgrade to castle" button. 415K subscribers in the CrusaderKings community. A searchable table of all CK2 decisions, with their decision IDs, from the latest version of the game on Steam (PC / Mac). 313 2. are the best CK2 mods, in no particular order: After The End Fan Fork. If this happens, you need to decide whether you can use a different learning style (for example, cutting down on feedback), or if you need to lose a topic. Llyagushen Oct 13, 2016 @ 11:26pm. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. I'm only saying that it's more efficient to upgrade tribe holding to stone hillfort than building a city or castle there. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. The Country Select Screen of Elder Kings. This will actually be one of the best buildings in CK3 for any culture that relies. Two weeks ago, we interviewed Paradox Development Studio on the new converter DLC that lets you import your version of medieval Europe from Crusader Kings II into Europa Univesalis IV . There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. 1. 313 2. I know i can change the tribe into a castle but i dont see the option to. Castles are the county seat ( capital) for most counties; as such, their higher fort level as. Played as Feudal got some tribal counties. This dosn't even make sense. WoL, paid 400 for new castle, nothing happened. [QUOTE="Sunsanvil, post: 25571791, member: 1012486"[What determines what a county is, and what mechanisms are there to change it?[/QUOTE] It's determined by the what type of holding the county capital is--if the capital is a tribe, the county is a tribe; if the capital is a temple, the county is a theocracy; if the capital is a castle, the county is. If you’re moving from a tribal government to a feudal one, you’ll have an option to pay and convertall tribal holdings in your land to feudal. It was an issue in Crusader Kings 2, and remains one in Crusader Kings 3 as well. every holding you can siege has a fort level. But they never upgrade to a Castle or other holdings. markdb92 Oct 16, 2014 @ 9:04pm. However, where this question comes from is if you give a "castle province" which has a city to a patrician vassal, the province capital becomes a city. If you want this tribe to be a castle, give it to a random courtier, wait until he upgrades it. The only place that got a castle was the place I had a fully upgraded Fort in. Tribes can't build holdings. The problem with the upgrade is that you lose the levy bonus from empty slots, that will be later compensated by buildings. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. Alt + 2 1 or ~ may also work ( ~ seems to be the majority console button, located beneath esc ). BUG? Probably don't have the tech. A feudal lord owns the tribal land and has to pay 500 gold to feudalize the county. Use prestige to build up your main holdings. How can I lessen this blow and preserve my kingdom through the adoption process. I'm playing a petty king in northern wales and captured the Isle of Mann. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. It seems that the new expansion is very strict about the government types and as a Feudal character a Tribal province needs to be my religion before it can be changed into a Castle. 8 CRACKED# Furthermore, these loop tools utilize the keyword tags, and they also. Please advise. Cant upgrade Tribes to Castles because of this condition, all others are complited. The only way I know of destroying the castle is getting a raiding party to successfully raid the barony and trigger the % chance of it destroying the settlement. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. That being said, very early game as a single count, upgrading a rank in barracks or whatever may give you the slight edge in troop count in order to win a war. Like Welsh. b: klick on the tribal holding in your capital county and choose the hillfort option. If you’re moving from a tribal government to a feudal one, you’ll have an option to pay and convertall tribal holdings in your land to feudal. I have no idea what it means. 089. เข้าสู่ระบบ ร้านค้า. make that county your capital. ". Jump to latest Follow Reply. Over time they will automatically spend that gold to build and upgrade buildings in their holdings. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. Console commands are also welcome if that's the way to do it. Any way to upgrade or change or destroy the "Tribe" for say a castle? Does it do it itself eventually? Just wondering when these heathens will come of age here. Until those Tribes get buildings in them, and then the vassals reform to Feudalism again. It's worth it. The hi as well of ck3 is much more modern, it doesn’t really look medieval, whilst ck2s ui is quite medieval. How do you make a castle in ck2? you need EITHER the stone fort OR a castle, means you can either build up your hillfort in the tribe to max or you conquer a castle-holding. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. The heathons of the north have Tribes or Cheifdoms as their main seat (the picture next to the county leader) These have castles and other stuff. AntZudan said:. 1. Technology represents the military, economic and cultural knowledge of a province . I have no idea what it means. I miss the CK2 system where you could just slap a tribal holding on an empty spot on a county and call it a day. The CK2 Wiki has an excellent and up-to-date article explaining technology. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Narrowmind. com If A, you have to build a new castle and it will takeover as the primary holding since it is your correct type of holding and you can create a vassal for the old tribe. Can you achieve fame and fortune for. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. Open the game using that shortcut to launch in debug mode. Report. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. a: conquer a county from a feudal lord which has a castle. If a nomad chooses to settle down. Specifically, players will need Castle Baileys and Royal Armory for military buildings and Windmills. Random note #1: At least tribals should be able to upgrade churches if they have lay clergy. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. Crusader Kings IIWith tribal settlements being brought into ck2 with the charlamagne dlc level 1 castle infrastructure (and whatever it is for cities) is much more significant because it allows you to convert to feudalism (or a republic with the city upgrades). All Discussions Screenshots Artwork Broadcasts Videos Workshop News Guides Reviews. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. In future runs, I'd suggest holding off on going feudal (or even adopting absolute tribal authority) until you've helped your vassals develop a bit. Give tribes unique Men at Arms, weaker than feudal ones, but ones that don't all of a sudden require gold when you swap from tribal to feudal. It gives me a button over each tribal holding when I click on each province that says "build a new holding and destroy tribal. Please advise. To honor his memory please continue his legacy and please credit him, from his sister. I found only two ways to keep those counties within my kingdom : - either by moving my capital to one of these counties (but it remains a tribe, which is really annoying)Crusader Kings II. Oct 31,. Constructing a castle or city in formerly-nomadic provinces can prevent them from reverting due to nomad agitation. If you own a castle and give up the church, the church goes to a baron and the castle to a cout-duke-king-emperor (you). Get alliances before converting. Paste under this, but above the "levy =". Technologies can have decimal increments and give partial effects at intermediate levels. I took over a county that had tribal government. You can't tear down castles (or temples or cities) like that. Tribes. I upgraded my government type to feudal, so I have a castle in my capital. As you can see, there is no button to demolish the tribe. I know i can change the tribe into a castle but i dont see the option to. Rulers of duke -rank and higher. As soon as any tribal ruler has a single castle, all of their tribes will be converted to castles along with the tribes of all of their vassals. Last edited by Malus ; Feb 11, 2020 @ 8:59am If a county has only 1 or 2 holdings and is tribal, I build a castle there and then upgrade the tribe to castle so there are 2 of them in the county. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. 6 from worst to best) so an endgame army with. CryptoI received the "Nomad Agitation" warning indicating I needed to build a city or castle in the county. I have no idea what it means. exe" -debug_mode) 2. Funny how the game seems buggier with all the updates. I have Stone Hill, have everything else (Reformed Pegan) and when I right click on my tribe town which is my capital no options to built a castle. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. Can't build temple. ago. And destroying Settlement to. Unfortunately, Crusader Kings has always been very limiting in how/what you do with developed land. That's quite a bit of gold and seeing how much tribal land there is on the map this can't really be the way to go. If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. 42 Badges. 7/30/2019. Outside of the decision which made you and your vassals feudal. Tribes are the preferred settlement type for tribal rulers, and the only type they can hold without penalties. Good evening folks, I been playing this game for quite a while now, but even then there is always something you don't know. I am Catholic, and all my counties are Catholic. How to Convert Tribal to Feudal Government in CK2. Oh and Shipmakers upgrade at a 1 to 1 ratio, so whatever upgrades you can make there are always worth it. Castles can house a dynasty member permanently which is nice to rack up dynasty. (generally in this direction: castle, then city, then temple). If a nomad chooses to settle down as tribal, all. However, doing that would cause CK2 to crash without warning (with AGOT Sketchy Cheat Menu with AGOT mod) Edit: Thanks for letting me know about the latest version. . WTH? And when i build a first construction (hillfort for Stone Hillfort condition), i lost an option for destroy Tribe to build Castle. Your vassals will become feudal shortly after the stone fort IV completes construction. Upgrade tribe [edit | edit source] Three flavors depending on government type: Feudal rulers may upgrade a tribe (with Hillfort IV) to a castle; Republic rulers. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. Crusader Kings II. 1. Wrong type of holding in demesne for feudal lord capturing tribes. The game has a hierarchical structure where most nobles serve a liege. In my case, the tribe was almost immediately converted (and the town and the temple also. Please advise. 000 fort level in all forts. I started as Bohemia at the Charlemagne start and have the abillity to adopt feudalis but I know my kingdom will get torn apart by my neighbors because of the lack of levies. Of course, this would be expensive, time consuming, and probably get you into a lot of annoying little. I have the county of middlesex as a Feudal ruler, for some reasons there is a tribe in my desmenes i had to wait until the owner finally die at 77 to inherit it. Crusader Kings. Assuming I win the war, can I just upgrade the tribe settlement to have a "Large Market City" (which is sufficient for a player to convert to a. Over time they will automatically spend that gold to build and upgrade buildings in their holdings. Yes, you can upgrade a tribal vassal's fort for them at your own expense. You need to convert that county too a Feudal Culture to be able to change them from Tribal. The heathons of the north have Tribes or Cheifdoms as their main seat (the picture next to the county leader) These have castles and other stuff. The primary holding is just the holding owned by the highest ranked person. I upgraded my government type to feudal, so I have a castle in my capital. Im imagining I need a cultural tech to do so. Dakillakan • 9 yr. Save game editing is incredibly versatile and allows you to change things a lot more efficiently than using console commands. When The World Stopped Making Sense. Iniciar sessão Loja Comunidade Apoio Alterar idioma Ver versão para computadores. WTH? And when i build a first construction (hillfort for Stone Hillfort condition), i lost an option for destroy Tribe to build Castle. I never have the possibility to turn the tribes into castles. And destroying Settlement to. For me I like to have a fully upgraded tribe (all 4th level. But two provinces in Iceland I conquered after I converted are still clans. In order to convert a tribal land to a fueldal land you must upgrade the castle to the max. I also had way more money as a tribe, I settled with around 20,000 cash and it was quickly spent building things. I am trying to convert it into a castle. When a a tribal ruler adopts feudalism or founds a merchant republic, all of their demesne tribes are upgraded. 8. You've apparently solved the issue but I'll explain anyway: having a castle as your capital holding is just one way to adopt feudalism, i. This gets expensive fast for person who holds those tribes, especially since they get no income from them. Reply. Because I'm using the ck2 plus mod there are twenty. Last edited by Malus; Feb 11, 2020 @ 8:59am #7 < > Showing 1-7 of 7 comments . No, tech only prevents you building hillfort upgrades 3 and 4. And, I have converted the county to Anglo-Saxon and Catholic religion just like me. Hello; I have a feudal government in my capital. It says that I don't fulfil "Does NOT have a settlement construction" check on the "Upgrade to castle" button. Ck2 Upgrade Tribe To City. 998 fort level, which should give you 1. I have the county of middlesex as a Feudal ruler, for some reasons there is a tribe in my desmenes i had to wait until the owner finally die at 77 to inherit it. I don't want the holding to end up with 2 castle so I want to tear it down to build a temple, but for some reason the option is greyed out. " I'm unclear as to what it is asking me to do so that I may build a castle and keep the territory. Town Infrastructure 1. Hunting Grounds are one of the more versatile structures in the game. So I am playing as the King of Iceland. If a nomad chooses to settle down. Crusader Kings II Wiki Active Wikis. You have castle infrastructure 2 in your capital province. A new window will popup where you can build the Hillfort, Village, etc. Once the Hillfort has reached the level of 'stone' you will be able to click an decision in Intrige (5th topscreen brown button) named 'Adopt Feudalism'. . Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. Most government types allows holding of tribes of the same culture, except nomads. Make this piece of land your capital. Tribes do not provide sufficient amount of troops due to the lack of emply slots bonus. Any way to upgrade or change or destroy the "Tribe" for say a castle? Does it do it itself eventually? Just wondering when these heathens will come of age here. it brings up two options: "make county capital", and "upgrade to castle". Tribe holdings typically can be upgraded to palisades, war camps, gathering halls, and markets. Compare CK2 release to CK2 today and you'll see all the lines differences. Novus Graphicus. For example, if I want to upgrade my military academy to Officer's Academies, it tells me, The Irish culture does not have the Castle Baileys innovation. Hi there, something I was wondering. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. If you are either Merchant Republic or Feudal Government and you conquest some tribal holding of blah blah blah. Get some pre-upgraded counties OR make sure your core tribes are fully built out. I got castle infrastructure tech at lvl 1 in my capital. A. I restarted at the same location and this time around my liege was a zealot and bullied everybody to become orthodox. I am tribal irish atm. because of this the weaponsmith is actually one of the more important ones to. 01 Monthly Renown per Castle Holding +0. e. getting a castle from a tribe. If a nomad chooses to settle down. Each duchy building has three upgrade levels, and the upgrades unlock during the next two eras. So I am playing as the King of Iceland. Description. . So, I went back to play Crusader Kings 2 and decided to play in the Old Gods bookmark as the…How to change from Tribal to Feudal government in Crusader Kings 3.